Urban Reform In China Example

Urban Reform In China Example Urban Reform In China – Book Report/Review Example Urban Reform in China Today’s China is significantly different compared to several decades ago.Chapter 13 highlights important transitions in the Chinese economy since 1978. It is evident from the reading that infrastructural, financial, corporate, and structural systems are more dynamic today than they were in 1970s. In that respect, this reading supports the notion that economic changes are fundamental. The shift from a planned to a market economy has brought unprecedented benefits to the Chinese society. With an outstanding economic growth over the years, both people and businesses have had a suitable environment for investment.There are lessons to draw from the reading. To start with, it is easy to note that privatization and diversification of resources is an advantageous move for China. Reducing government control and adopting a corporate-driven market development laid the foundation for China’s social and economic reform. Secondly, it is evident that social and e conomic transitions take time to implement. From 1978 to date, China’s industrial transition has been an ongoing process. Most importantly, there is need for collaboration between the government, the industry under transition, and the entire corporate setting. The success realized in China comes from the cooperation and collaboration of the aforementioned parties.Finally yet importantly, agency regulation and oversight authority is paramount. The big question, however, is whether the government accords regulatory agencies adequate autonomy and independence. Whatever the case in that regard, the reading is undoubtedly insightful, informative, and relevant to contemporary global economic development. The chapter shows just how much market economy contributes to China’s industrial reforms.

Tips on Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation

Tips on Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation One of the first steps in learning Mandarin Chinese is becoming accustomed to the languages pronunciation. Learning how to pronounce Mandarin Chinese helps with speaking and listening skills as it is a tonal language.   What Makes a Syllable? The Mandarin language has 21 consonants and 16 vowels. They can be combined together to create more than 400 mono-syllabic sounds. There are also four tones that change the meaning of the syllable, so in theory, there are about 1600 possible syllables. Only around 1000 of these are commonly used, however, which means that Mandarin words actually are more similar than words in English. Similar to English, you should learn to hear the tone differences and work on learning how to pronounce Chinese sounds. Sound Chart Here is a chart of the 37 sounds of Mandarin with a sound clip of each. Practice these as much as you can- they will provide the foundation learning how to pronounce Mandarin. The sounds are given in Pinyin, but please be aware that each letter does not represent just one sound.  Just like how in English, the vowel a is pronounced differently in different cases. For example, compare the more nasally-sounding ant to the elongated a in at. There are also  many tricky cases you need to learn  in Chinese! Pinyin Explanation Sound Clip b similar to 'b' in the English 'boat' - softened to approach a 'p' sound audio p similar to 'p' in the English 'top' - with more aspiration audio m same as 'm' in the English 'mat' audio f same as 'f' in the English 'fat' audio d similar to 'd' in the English 'down' - softened to approach a 't' sound audio t similar to 't' in the English 'top' - with more aspiration audio n similar to 'n' in the English 'name' audio l similar to 'l' in the English 'look' audio g similar to 'g' in the English 'go' - softened to approach a 'k' sound audio k similar to 'k' in the English 'kiss' - with more aspiration audio h similar to 'h' in the English 'hope' - with a slight rasp as in 'loch' audio j similar to 'j' in the English 'jeep' - tongue is positioned below lower teeth audio q similar to 'ch' in the English 'cheap' - tongue is positioned below lower teeth audio x similar to 'sh' in the English 'sheep' - tongue is positioned below lower teeth audio zh similar to 'j' in the English 'jam' audio ch similar to 'ch' in the English 'cheap' audio sh similar to 'sh' in the English 'ship' audio r similar to 'z' in the English 'azure' audio z same as 'ds' in the English 'woods' audio c similar to 'ts' in the English 'bits' audio s similar to 's' in the English 'see' audio (y)i similar to 'ee' in the English 'bee' audio (w)u similar to 'oo' in the English 'room' audio yu purse your lips and position the tongue high and forwards audio a similar to 'ah' in the English 'Ah-hah!' audio (w)o similar to 'or' in the English 'bore' audio e similar to 'er' in the English 'hers' audio (y)e similar to the English 'Yay!' audio ai similar to the English 'eye' audio ei similar to 'ei' in the English 'weigh' audio ao similar to 'au' in the English 'sauerkraut' audio ou similar to 'ou' in the English 'dough' audio an similar to 'an' in the English 'fan' audio en similar to 'un' in the English 'under' audio ang a Mandarin 'a' followed by the 'ng' sound like in the English 'sing' audio eng a Mandarin 'e' followed by the 'ng' sound like in the English 'sing' audio er a Mandarin 'e' with the tongue curled back audio